Malocclusion: Disease of Civilization

In his epic work Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Dr. Weston Price documented the abnormal dental development and susceptibility to tooth decay that accompanied the adoption of modern foods in a number of different cultures throughout the world. Although he quantified changes in cavity prevalence (sometimes finding increases as large as 1,000-fold), all we have are Price's anecdotes describing the crooked teeth, narrow arches and "dished" faces these cultures developed as they modernized.

Price published the first edition of his book in 1939. Fortunately, Nutrition and Physical Degeneration wasn't the last word on the matter. Anthropologists and archaeologists have been extending Price's findings throughout the 20th century. My favorite is Dr. Robert S. Corruccini, currently a professor of anthropology at Southern Illinois University. He published a landmark paper in 1984 titled "An Epidemiologic Transition in Dental Occlusion in World Populations" that will be our starting point for a discussion of how diet and lifestyle factors affect the development of the teeth, skull and jaw (Am J. Orthod. 86(5):419)*.

First, some background. The word occlusion refers to the manner in which the top and bottom sets of teeth come together, determined in part by the alignment between the upper jaw (maxilla) and lower jaw (mandible). There are three general categories:

• Class I occlusion: considered "ideal". The bottom incisors (front teeth) fit just behind the top incisors.
• Class II occlusion: "overbite." The bottom incisors are too far behind the top incisors. The mandible may appear small.
  
• Class III occlusion: "underbite." The bottom incisors are beyond the top incisors. The mandible protrudes.
  

Malocclusion means the teeth do not come together in a way that's considered ideal. The term "class I malocclusion" is sometimes used to describe crowded incisors when the jaws are aligning properly.

Over the course of the next several posts, I'll give an overview of the extensive literature showing that hunter-gatherers past and present have excellent occlusion, subsistence agriculturalists generally have good occlusion, and the adoption of modern foodways directly causes the crooked teeth, narrow arches and/or crowded third molars (wisdom teeth) that affect the majority of people in industrialized nations. I believe this process also affects the development of the rest of the skull, including the face and sinuses.

In his 1984 paper, Dr. Corruccini reviewed data from a number of cultures whose occlusion has been studied in detail. Most of these cultures were observed by Dr. Corruccini personally. He compared two sets of cultures: those that adhere to a traditional style of life and those that have adopted industrial foodways. For several of the cultures he studied, he compared it to another that was genetically similar. For example, the older generation of Pima indians vs. the younger generation, and rural vs. urban Punjabis. He also included data from archaeological sites and nonhuman primates. Wild animals, including nonhuman primates, almost invariably show perfect occlusion.

The last graph in the paper is the most telling. He compiled all the occlusion data into a single number called the "treatment priority index" (TPI). This is a number that represents the overall need for orthodontic treatment. A TPI of 4 or greater indicates malocclusion (the cutoff point is subjective and depends somewhat on aesthetic considerations). Here's the graph: Every single urban/industrial culture has an average TPI of greater than 4, while all the non-industrial or less industrial cultures have an average TPI below 4. This means that in industrial cultures, the average person requires orthodontic treatment to achieve good occlusion, whereas most people in more traditionally-living cultures naturally have good occlusion.

The best occlusion was in the New Britain sample, a precontact Melanesian hunter-gatherer group studied from archaeological remains. The next best occlusion was in the Libben and Dickson groups, who were early Native American agriculturalists. The Pima represent the older generation of Native Americans that was raised on a somewhat traditional agricultural diet, vs. the younger generation raised on processed reservation foods. The Chinese samples are immigrants and their descendants in Liverpool. The Punjabis represent urban vs. rural youths in Northern India. The Kentucky samples represent a traditionally-living Appalachian community, older generation vs. processed food-eating offspring. The "early black" and "black youths" samples represent older and younger generations of African-Americans in the Cleveland and St. Louis area. The "white parents/youths" sample represents different generations of American Caucasians.

The point is clear: there's something about industrialization that causes malocclusion. It's not genetic; it's a result of changes in diet and/or lifestyle. A "disease of civilization". I use that phrase loosely, because malocclusion isn't really a disease, and some cultures that qualify as civilizations retain traditional foodways and relatively good teeth. Nevertheless, it's a time-honored phrase that encompasses the wide array of health problems that occur when humans stray too far from their ecological niche. I'm going to let Dr. Corruccini wrap this post up for me:

I assert that these results serve to modify two widespread generalizations: that imperfect occlusion is not necessarily abnormal, and that prevalence of malocclusion is genetically controlled so that preventive therapy in the strict sense is not possible. Cross-cultural data dispel the notion that considerable occlusal variation [malocclusion] is inevitable or normal. Rather, it is an aberrancy of modern urbanized populations. Furthermore, the transition from predominantly good to predominantly bad occlusion repeatedly occurs within one or two generations' time in these (and other) populations, weakening arguments that explain high malocclusion prevalence genetically.

* This paper is worth reading if you get the chance. It should have been a seminal paper in the field of preventive orthodontics, which could have largely replaced conventional orthodontics by now. Dr. Corruccini is the clearest thinker on this subject I've encountered so far.

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19.00 | 0 comments

‘holy Herb’ Sage - Cyprus

By Erkan Kilim

Northern Cyprus on the other hand possesses 90% of these natural and cultural entities. You can not help falling in love with this little island after realizing its beauties that nature presents. Among these is an important planst.Sage, ‘Salvia’ in Latin. This name comes from the Latin word ‘Salvare’ which menas ‘to heal’.

Sage plants that originate from Mediterranean have a history nearly as old as human history. The utility of Sage plant by humans extends from the periods before Christ. It is a fact that due to its many benefits that it present to humans, sage plant is known as ‘Holy Herb’ in Roman times. The leaves, flowers and stems of sage plant that grow naturally in altitudes of 1500 m above sea level have a pleasant odor. As tea, in salads and foods, as deodorizer, sage plant is known as ‘Adaçay?’ ‘Garafan’ or ‘Hahomilya’ among Turks of Cyprus and as ‘Alisfakia’ or ‘Hahomilia’ among Greeks of Cyprus. The volatile oil extracted from sages of Cyprus and known as ’01.Salviave’, compose of camphora, tannin and other substances having flavors.

Sage oil which has an important part in perfume and cosmetic industry, food industry and candy and cake production, is also considered to be important by phytotherapists due to its healing properties. The people of Cyprus benefit from sage in many fields. Its fresh or air dried leaves and flowers, ‘as Herbal Tea; odorization of bathing water; appetizer in salads and foods; deodorizer in rural areas and in pest control; antimicrobial in the rooms of bed ridden patients and providing a continuous clean and pleasant smell; in barbecue, addition to foods, soups and sauces are among these. Sage is also an important plant in medicine. Especially the sage plant collecting all of the healing properties of thyme, urum flower, linden, mint, rosemary among itself is known to be used by Hippocrates himself in ancient times.

In the years after the Christ, Dioscorides and Galenos benefited from sage in the field of medicine. Therefore sage has the feature of being the most popular plant of Phytotherapists from ancient times to present. Sage known as ‘Holy Herb’ by Romans and ‘Life Saver’ in Latin has been a remedy which has been used by combining with every medicine in ancient times. A Roman poet and Doctors of Salerno Medical School in the XVI century, who believed that no other garden plant was resistant to death than sage, could not help saying ‘One who grows sage in his garden, can he die?’ to emphasize the importance that they bestow on sage. The well known French Phytoterapist explains the healing properties of vigorous sage in his book named ‘Medicinal Plants of Life’as: ‘The sage which is essentially stimulant and its leaves and flowers are benefited from; Effects blood circulation; assists the functioning of nervous system; helps nervous breakdown sufferers; the ones who suffer from anemia; recently improved patients; nervous people; neuroastenic and anxious people.

In women: strengthens their weak genitals; heals vagina; regulates periods; helps young girls in the balancing of their hormones and relieves menopausal disorders.

In men: fights with disorders related to andropausae efficiently.Sage is alsop known to be effective against diabetes. When boiled, normalizes high sugar level in blood. It is a plant of beauty: Retains the health of the skin efficiently; slows down hair loss and cleans the scalp, purifies from microorganism and provides the growing of hair; when it is added to bath water and one takes a bath with that water, it relieves fatigue, has aphrodisiac properties, bathing should be done in the mornings; however, passionate people are strongly advised to avoid these baths’.

How many salvia species are present? D.E. Viney in 1994 explained the species os sage plant in his book named ‘An II-lustrated Flora of North Cyprus’ as: Salvia lanigera; S. viridis; S. veneris; S. verbenaco; S. hierosolymitana.

Among these species, S. viridis, S. fruticosa and S. verbenaco species have a large distribution. However, S. lonigera, S. veneris and S. Hierosolymitana species are rare, in fact very rare. S. veneris grows only in Northern Cyprus throughout the world. In other words, it is an endemic species. During the World War Two, the Administration of English Colony decided to export sage leaves that were used especially in drug and costemic industry to create a means of living to ease the severe economical crisis created by poverty and unemployment. As a consequence, during 1943-1947, 11,001 weigh-bridge sage leaves had been exported and 19,453 Cyprus Pound was earned.Cyprus Hotels The holy herb sage was used as cigarette in Cyprus during the years of 1930 when the periods of poverty were very severe. The witnesses of those periods whom I interviewed with, reported their observations as: ‘the economical crisis after the World War also affected Cyprus as the rest of the world.

At that times cigarette smoking was considered to be a luxury. It was the first years of 1930. ‘A man was sick with smoking. There was a rumor that he recovered when he quitted smoking and started sage smoking. ‘After that addicts who could not find cigarettes atarted preparing and smoking cigarettes of sage. When this becomes widespread, lots of people from many villages started collecting sage from the mountains and selling them in towns. I used to stay in Tahtakale, Le?fko?a at those times. I still remember that villagers were selling sage in bunches and earned some money’.

Holy Herb Sage

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22.21 | 0 comments

Diabetics on a Low-carbohydrate Diet, Part II

I just found another very interesting study performed in Japan by Dr. Hajime Haimoto and colleagues (free full text). They took severe diabetics with an HbA1c of 10.9% and put them on a low-carbohydrate diet:

The main principle of the CRD [carbohydrate-restricted diet] was to eliminate carbohydrate-rich food twice a day at breakfast and dinner, or eliminate it three times a day at breakfast, lunch and dinner... There were no other restrictions. Patients on the CRD were permitted to eat as much protein and fat as they wanted, including saturated fat.

What happened to their blood lipids after eating all that fat for 6 months, and increasing their saturated fat intake to that of the average American? LDL decreased and HDL increased, both statistically significant. Oops. But that's water under the bridge. What we really care about here is glucose control. The patients' HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin; a measure of average blood glucose over the past several weeks) declined from 10.9 to 7.4%.

Here's a graph showing the improvement in HbA1c. Each line represents one individual:

Every single patient improved, except the "dropout" who stopped following the diet advice after 3 months (the one line that shoots back up at 6 months). And now, an inspirational anecdote from the paper:

One female patient had an increased physical activity level during the study period in spite of our instructions. However, her increase in physical activity was no more than one hour of walking per day, four days a week. She had implemented an 11% carbohydrate diet without any antidiabetic drug, and her HbA1c level decreased from 14.4% at baseline to 6.1% after 3 months and had been maintained at 5.5% after 6 months.

That patient began with the highest HbA1c and ended with the lowest. Complete glucose control using only diet and exercise. It may not work for everyone, but it's effective in some cases. The study's conclusion:

...the 30%-carbohydrate diet over 6 months led to a remarkable reduction in HbA1c levels, even among outpatients with severe type 2 diabetes, without any insulin therapy, hospital care or increase in sulfonylureas. The effectiveness of the diet may be comparable to that of insulin therapy.

Diabetics on a Low-carbohydrate Diet
The Tokelau Island Migrant Study: Diabetes

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21.40 | 0 comments

Another Fatty Liver Reversal, Part II

A month ago, I wrote about a reader "Steve" who reversed his fatty liver using a change in diet. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a truly disturbing modern epidemic, rare a few decades ago and now affecting roughly a quarter of the adult population of modern industrialized nations. Researchers cause NAFLD readily in rodents by feeding them industrial vegetable oils or large amounts of sugar.

Steve recently e-mailed me to update me on his condition. He also passed along his liver test results, which I've graphed below. ALT is a liver enzyme that enters the bloodstream following liver damage such as hepatitis or NAFLD. It's below 50 units/L in a healthy person*. AST is another liver enzyme that's below 35 units/L in a healthy person*.

Steve began his new diet in November of 2008 and saw a remarkable and sustained improvement in his ALT and AST levels:

Here's how Steve described his diet change to me:

I totally eliminated sugar, heavy starches, and grains. Started eating more whole, real foods, including things like grass-fed beef and pastured pork and eggs, began supplementing with good fats and omega-3 (pastured butter, coconut oil, cod liver oil). Ate more fruits and vegetables instead of refined carbs. Also completely gave up on the idea that I had to eat only "lean" meats. After my last results, the GI doc said that I wouldn't need the biopsy at all, that things were great, and that if I kept it up I "would live forever."

He did experience some side effects from this diet though:

My triglycerides also went from pre-diet measures of 201 and 147 to post diet 86, 81, and 71.

The added bonus, of course, was that my weight went from 205 pounds to 162 pounds and my body fat percentage from 24% to 12% in the matter of five months--all without the typically excessive cardio I used to try unsuccessfully for weight loss.

The liver is the body's "metabolic grand central station". It's essential for nutrient homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, detoxification, and hormone conversion, among other things. What's bad for the liver is bad for the rest of the body as well. Don't poison your liver with sugar and industrial vegetable oils.


* The cutoff depends on who you ask, but these numbers are commonly used.

How to Fatten Your Liver
Excess Omega-6 Fat Damages Infants' Livers
Health is Multi-Factorial
Fatty Liver Reversal
Another Fatty Liver Reversal

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21.05 | 0 comments

Great Healthy Diet Recipes for Your Heart

By Julie Bonner

Once you find out how great eating healthy diet recipes can taste, you will enjoy being healthy! Knowing how to make great healthy diet recipes can help you do just that. Simple changes or additions to some of your current meals, like using whole grains instead white flour, bread, and pasta, can turn an okay meal into one that is good for you.

Choosing a healthy diet recipe for most meals has many benefits, especially for those with certain afflictions. For example, a perfect dinner for someone who needs a healthy diet recipe to help lower high cholesterol, could be a large salad with low fat dressing, cucumber, and tomato followed by whole-wheat pasta with a tomato and basil sauce, a piece of whole-wheat toasted garlic baguette with a touch of margarine, and a glass of skim milk or tea. One could finish off this healthy diet recipe with a cup of low fat or fat free frozen yogurt topped with fresh strawberries, blueberries, or peach slices for desert.

Another great at home healthy diet recipe is baked chicken (peel off the skin before serving), baked potatoes with a low fat margarine and fat free sour cream, steamed baby carrots, and a whole wheat roll. You can turn the baked potatoes into mashed potatoes by adding some skim milk. If you do not have high blood pressure concerns, try adding a little salt and pepper to bring out the flavor. Another idea to go with this healthy diet recipe option is to dip your chicken in an outstanding barbeque sauce, such as KC Masterpiece.

Many restaurant chains also include items with healthy diet recipes on their menus. At Boston Market one can get over roasted turkey breast, new dill potatoes, and a helping of vegetable medley. If your getting especially adventurous, you could also add stuffing or cranberry sauce and have your own little Thanksgiving dinner. However, do not eat the corn bread muffin you will receive with it. It contains too many Trans fats and will turn a delicious healthy diet recipe into one that is bad for you.

With whole grain and healthy diet recipe ideas being the hot new thing, it is easier than ever to eat right. So what are you waiting for? Jump on the bandwagon and feel better, look better, and eat better!

Julie is a freelance writer and mother of two who has struggled with her own post-partum weight loss issues. She is now an advocate for eating healthy and helping moms, or anyone else struggling with weight, learn how certain habits and lifestyle changes may not only help them shed pounds, but feel great as well. You can find more of Julie’s tips, weight loss experiences and thoughts at http://momsweightloss.blogspot.com/

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Julie_Bonner

Healthy Diet Recipes

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10.43 | 0 comments

Palmitic Acid and Insulin Resistance: a New Paradigm

We've been having an interesting discussion in the comments about a recently published paper by Dr. Stephen C. Benoit and colleagues (free full text). They showed that a butter-rich diet causes weight gain and insulin resistance in rats, compared to a low-fat diet or a diet based on olive oil. They published a thorough description of the diets' compositions, which is very much appreciated!

They went on to show that infusing palmitic acid (a 16-carbon saturated fat) directly into the brain of rats also caused insulin resistance relative to oleic acid (an 18-carbon monounsaturated fat, like in olive oil). Here's a representation of palmitic acid. The COOH end is the acid end, and the squiggly line is the fatty end. Thus it's called a "fatty acid", various forms of which are the fat currency of the body.

One of the most interesting things about this study is the butter group that the investigators fed the same number of calories as the low-fat group (this is called pair-feeding). This group did not become overweight, and did not experience elevated fasting insulin and blood glucose relative to the low-fat group*. This shows clearly that the adverse effects of the butter diet were primarily due to the fact that rodents overeat when fed a high-fat diet.

Unfortunately, the paper doesn't provide longitudinal food intake data so we have no idea how many calories the rats in each group ate, beyond knowing that the low-fat group and the pair-fed butter group ate the same amount. We have no assurance that rats in the butter group and olive oil group ate the same number of calories over time. Rats eat less of foods they find bitter. This probably accounts, at least in part, for the beneficial effects of things like blueberry extracts on rodent models of disease. Olive oil may taste bitter to a rat, particularly when it's 20% of the diet by weight. Butter is tasty to calves, humans and rats alike.

Now we arrive at the speculative part of the post. I've been pondering a tough question for months. Palmitic acid has aroused universal ire for its supposed effects on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity**. But that leaves us with a puzzling paradox: palmitic acid is precisely the fatty acid that the liver produces when we eat carbohydrate. Our bodies contain the enzymes necessary to desaturate palmitic acid, making it monounsaturated. Why don't we use them? Why does the liver choose to secrete palmitic acid into the bloodstream unmodified? A fundamental metabolic process like this does not evolve by accident.

Here's the hypothesis. I believe that palmitic acid in the bloodstream does promote insulin resistance in rodents and probably humans as well. But there's a twist: it's probably not pathological at all; it's simply serving as a reversible signal to conserve blood glucose. This is similar to the hormone glucagon, which increases glucose production by the liver in response to falling blood glucose. Let's imagine an average person's eating habits throughout the day. Breakfast is at 8:00 am, lunch is at noon, and dinner is at 7:00 pm. The meals are about 45% carbohydrate, 40% fat and 15% protein. Let's imagine the fat consumed is animal fat, which contains some palmitic acid (25-30% of fatty acids).

The carbohydrate will be absorbed, partially turned into palmitic acid in the liver, and exported as VLDL particles. The amount of palmitic acid produced depends on the intake of starch and fructose, and will be relatively small except in the case of high carbohydrate or fructose consumption. Dietary fat will be absorbed in the intestine and sent out directly as chylomicrons (another lipoprotein particle). This is delayed relative to glucose absorption, such that the palmitic acid from both sources will enter the bloodstream at a similar time (peaks roughly 4 hours post-meal). Here is a hypothetical graph of blood glucose and blood palmitic acid at different points throughout this person's day (based on data such as these):
Notice a pattern? The concentrations of blood glucose and palmitic acid in the blood are approximately opposite one another. The brain responds to palmitic acid by temporarily decreasing the insulin sensitivity of other tissues, because it uses palmitic acid as a signal to begin conserving blood glucose while insulin is still elevated. Glucagon increases glucose secretion by the liver, and palmitic acid makes sure the glucose isn't removed from the bloodstream too quickly. I believe we're looking at a well-coordinated system designed by evolution to ensure that the glucose content of the blood remains stable after a meal.

There are two other scenarios in which this type of system would be advantageous. Let's imagine Nanook the Inuit has just killed a caribou in September. He eats some of the meat and organs with a generous slab of backfat. Large male caribou in the fall can carry a deposit of subcutaneous fat on their back that weighs up to 50 pounds. This fat is about 50% saturated, and roughly 25% palmitic acid. Here's a quote from the book My Life With the Eskimo, published by the anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson in 1913:

The largest slab of back fat which I have seen taken from a Caribou on the Arctic coast was from a bull killed near Langton Bay early in September, the fat weighing 39 pounds. A large bull killed by Mr. Stefansson on Dease River in October had back fat 72 mm. in thickness (2 7/8 inches). Comparing the thickness of this with the Langton Bay specimen, the back fat of the Dease River bull must have weighed at least 50 pounds.

As the food is digested, Nanook's insulin rises to allow amino acids from the protein to be absorbed into his tissues from his bloodstream. But wait, insulin also tells tissues to absorb glucose, and the meal contained virtually no carbohydrate. Nanook is in danger of hypoglycemia. Fortunately, his brain detects the palmitic acid from the meal and signals his tissues to become resistant to the glucose-transporting effect of insulin. At the same time, glucagon signals the liver to release glucose into the bloodstream. His blood glucose remains stable.

The next week, the herd of caribou has moved on and there's no prey in Nanook's territory. He has to live on his own body fat for two days while he hunts. Fortunately, human body fat is about 20% palmitic acid. As fat is released into his bloodstream, the brain detects the palmitic acid and reduces peripheral insulin sensitivity. This helps Nanook's body conserve glucose and use his own body fat as fuel instead.

Over a wide range of fat, carbohydrate and calorie intakes, this system works to maintain stable blood glucose. These three scenarios all illustrate why palmitic acid would be helpful by causing temporary insulin resistance in situations where blood glucose needs to be conserved.

Back to the paper. The authors also showed that force-feeding rats large amounts of palmitic acid and calories (much more than would be present in animal fat) causes changes associated with insulin resistance in the brain. What I believe they have done is overstimulate this natural pathway for regulating insulin sensitivity by feeding unnatural amounts of palmitic acid.

Rats fed the butter diet at the same number of calories as the low-fat group did not exhibit metabolic dysfunction, showing that a reasonable amount of palmitic acid is compatible with metabolic health in this species. I believe this is even more true in humans, given our evolutionary history with animal fat and carbohydrate, both of which contribute palmitic acid to the circulation. Our deep-seated fear of saturated fat may have caused us to mistake a natural aspect of mammalian metabolism for a pathological process.


* The pair-fed butter group did show a lowered sensitivity to insulin, but given its normal weight, normal fasting insulin, and normal blood sugar, it really cannot be said to exhibit metabolic dysfunction in my opinion. Human "metabolic syndrome" involves overweight and elevated fasting insulin, which these rats did not have. Furthermore, the investigators did not show that the insulin sensitivity of the pair-fed butter group was different than a pair-fed olive oil group (they didn't make that comparison), so the finding doesn't implicate saturated fat specifically. Insulin sensitivity is determined in part by carbohydrate intake. This is normal. The more carbohydrate the body has to dispose of, the better it gets at handling it. On a high-fat diet, you don't need much insulin sensitivity to keep blood glucose in the normal range, because you aren't ingesting much glucose. On the other hand, in high-fat (low carbohydrate) diet trials on insulin-resistant people, insulin sensitivity often improves, however this is not the case in healthy insulin-sensitive people.

** The idea of palmitic acid's effect on insulin sensitivity is based largely on animal models and cell culture data. A long-term (rather than temporary and reversible) effect of palmitic acid on insulin sensitivity has never been convincingly demonstrated in humans, to my knowledge. After reviewing the literature, I've also concluded that a long-term, biologically significant effect of saturated fats in general on insulin sensitivity has not been convincingly demonstrated. I'll save that for another post.

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10.00 | 0 comments

Overcome Emotional Eating

Fitness author Jon Benson sent this out and I thought it was both hilarious and powerful.

Ready?

"A study in Psychosomatic Medicine has confirmed that people tend to consume food in order to self-medicate their feelings of stress or anxiety. They call it "emotional eating."

I know... it's a real shocker. ; )

But this isn't meant to be cute or light about this diet-wrecker.

This is the number one reason diet- plans fail... I've seen it way too many times.

In case you missed it, here's Jon's short story about overcoming emotional eating and getting in touch with a better way to make food work for you... not against you...

http://bit.ly/13UJ6n

More in a few days,

Arthur M.

P.S.  Jon is continuing his fund-raising efforts for St. Jude Children's Hospital. One week was not long enough.

Ten percent of all book proceeds will go to St. Jude.

Thanks to all of you who have participated!

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12.18 | 0 comments

Diabetics on a Low-carbohydrate Diet

Diabetes is a disorder of glucose intolerance. What happens when a diabetic eats a low-carbohydrate diet? Here's a graph of blood glucose over a 24 hour period, in type II diabetics on their usual diet (blue and grey triangles), and after 5 weeks on a 55% carbohydrate (yellow circles) or 20% carbohydrate (blue circles) diet:


The study in question describes these volunteers as having "mild, untreated diabetes." If 270 mg/dL of blood glucose is mild diabetes, I'd hate to see severe diabetes! In any case, the low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet brought blood glucose down to an acceptable level without requiring medication.

It's interesting to note in the graph above that fasting blood glucose (18-24 hours) also fell dramatically. This probably reflects improved insulin sensitivity in the liver. The liver pumps glucose into the bloodstream when it's necessary, and insulin suppresses this. When the liver is insulin resistant, it doesn't respond to the normal signal that there's already sufficient glucose, so it releases more and increases fasting blood glucose. When other tissues are insulin resistant, they don't take up the extra glucose, also contributing to the problem.

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), a measure of average blood glucose concentration over the preceding few weeks, also reflected a profound improvement in blood glucose levels in the low-carbohydrate group:

At 5 weeks, the low-carbohydrate group was still improving and headed toward normal HbA1c, while the high-carbohydrate group remained at a dangerously high level. Total cholesterol, LDL and HDL remained unchanged in both groups, while triglycerides fell dramatically in the low-carbohydrate group.

When glucose is poison, it's better to eat fat.

Graph #1 was reproduced from Volek et al. (2005), which re-plotted data from Gannon et al. (2004). Graph #2 was drawn directly from Gannon et al.

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21.18 | 0 comments

Healthy Homemade Soups on the Go

In this day and age it can be hard to eat healthy. With your busy schedule, especially if you have children, many people find it easier to grab whatever is available and the quickest and deal with the health consequences later. With the following tips for soups on the go you’ll learn how to make sure that the food you grab is of the healthy variety.

The problem with dealing with the consequences of unhealthy eating habits is that later is actually closer than you might think. Later is right now. Sadly, we are a nation of obese adults and just as many, if not more, obese children. Our unhealthy eating choices have caught up with us. You might be asking yourself, “How can I eat healthy when I’m crunched for time already?”

One way is to make foods that can be taken with you on the go. One of those foods is soup. Soup is tasty, filling, and good for you anytime, but especially on a cold fall or winter day. There are hot soups and believe it or not even cold soups. Many of the warm soups are even good eaten cold or lukewarm.

First, choose your favorite soup. A popular choice of many is the infamous chicken noodle soup. There’s nothing better when you are under the weather than the warm chicken broth soothing your throat. Campbell’s has a wonderful soup in a microwave container perfect for eating on the go, but we are going to make our own soup for an even healthier choice.

The one thing that is best about homemade food is that you know what is and is not in it. Since we are concerned with health, preparing your own soup creations at home is the best way to go. No matter which type of soup you choose to make, be sure to use fresh ingredients. The other items you’ll need are plenty of cups with lids and a blender.

Now it’s time to actually create your time saving soup. A good soup always starts with the stock. For chicken soup, make the broth by boiling the remains of the chicken you had for dinner. Add the herbs and seasonings of your choice and boil until the chicken bones come out clean. Any remaining meat will be included in the broth. Once the broth cools completely, ladle it into air-tight jars or containers for storing.

If you’re more of a beef and vegetable soup lover, you can use commercial canned broths or bouillon cubes for the base of your soup. Season the stock really well and boil before adding any other ingredients. Once the stock is ready, all that is left to do is toss in your favorite veggies. Again, wait until the soup is completely cooled before pouring into storage or serving containers.

Now, what about that blender? It’s a bit difficult to eat soup the traditional way while driving and if you are serving to your kids, the combination of a car and soup in a bowl is a disaster waiting to happen. Here’s where the blender comes into the picture.

Pour some of the soup into the blender and blend until the pieces are small enough for you to swallow without choking. You can even puree the soup completely if you’d prefer. For a thicker texture, add a bit of cream soup. Now, your soup is ready for distributing in your to-go cups.

The ideal cup would be a coffee mug with a lid. These types of cups have a wide opening perfect for drinking soups from. Be sure to prepare enough soup for the entire week. You can take the soup with you while you’re out shopping, working in the garden or to work. A cup of soup is packed with healthy nutrients and it won’t mess up the car or cramp your busy lifestyle. The next time you don’t have time to eat, reach for a cup of healthy homemade soup instead of pulling into that fast food drive thru.

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05.03 | 0 comments

Ode To Oatmeal

Just added a short little report that will hopefully encourage you to incorporate oatmeal into your family’s breakfast routine. Includes several recipes.

http://www.ebotek.com/oatmeal.pdf

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06.48 | 0 comments

Healthy Tips for Good Nutrition

By Mikhail Tuknov

1. 5 Small Meals! Eating every 3 to 4 hours (three meals & two snacks) will help your body function and improve its metabolism. Start your day with a good healthy breakfast to initiate the burning process. Your body needs a source of protein and carbohydrate at breakfast. Continue your day eating a good source of protein, carbohydrates and some fats every 3 to 4 hours, totaling 5 meals. Do not let your body go more than 4 hours without food as you may slow down your metabolism!

2. Every meal should consist of a balance of complex carbohydrates (brown rice, wheat bread, pasta, etc.,) also simple carbohydrates (fruit), lean proteins (chicken, egg whites, fish) and or low fat dairy products that contain high amounts of protein (cottage cheese, yogurt etc.). Use minimal amounts of fats, examples of good fat would be: all natural peanut butter, olive oil, almonds, avocados, and flax seed oil.

3. An example of a great breakfast would be 3 egg whites, a piece of wheat toast with a tbs. Of natural peanut butter, and an apple. A healthy snack would be a cup of low fat cottage cheese, a hand full of grapes and maybe some baby carrots with a tablespoon of non-fat ranch dip. A perfect dinner would consist of a 6-ounce piece of halibut, a side of broccoli, and a 4-ounce baked potato with a tbsp. of non-fat sour cream!

4. For quicker results, always pick some kind of lean protein to eat first, and then match it with a complex carbohydrate rather than a simple sugar. This will even out your blood sugar so your body will burn fat rather than excess sugar in your blood stream!

5. Water is a very important part of your nutrition, we can't live without it and our body is made up mostly of water. Keeping yourself hydrated is a great fat metabolizer, and will flush out any toxins. Try to drink a gallon of water per day, start with a half and work up to a gallon. Try a slice of lemon or orange to give it a fresh taste.

6. Cooking Tips: never fry your food, always broil, bake, barbecue, roast or steam foods in water. Avoid adding unnecessary fat or oil. Non-fat cooking sprays are ok in moderations; eliminate butter all together. Remove skin and fat from chicken or meats. Spices are ok but avoid salt or any spices with sodium in them.

7. Sodium is salt which can retain water in our body, leading to hypertension in some case. Many products contain high amounts of sodium. The RDA is 2400 milligrams per day. This can be high if you are trying to lose weight or need to watch your blood pressure. Be sure to read food labels and see how much sodium per serving

Workout videos shape your body with most effective fitness training program.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Mikhail_Tuknov

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09.12 | 0 comments

Veggie Snacks

What is the one food that is most often fed to the dog at the dinner table? Nine times out of ten, someone is going to say vegetables. They really aren’t that bad and they are good for you. Vegetables come in so many shapes, sizes and flavors that you are bound to find at least one you like.

Veggies don’t need any dressing up to make them taste good. Nature has done that all by itself. They are picked fresh from the earth filled with sweet and succulent taste. The best veggies are the ones found fresh in stores, at farmer’s markets, or even better, your own garden.

Vegetables can keep without freezing or refrigerating them which is good for snacking on the run. You can grab a bag of veggies and hit the road. Most vegetables will do well when sliced into sticks, cubes, or chips. In this form, they are easier to manage.

One of many people’s biggest problems is eating while driving. We tend to try to do everything while driving and eating seems to be the hardest. No one wants to end up in a tree or someone’s yard because of a sandwich. To avoid these and other eating mishaps, pack your vegetables in plastic bags or small containers.

Carrots can be cut into sticks or a veggie slicer can cut them into chips. Don’t waste time buying baby carrots. It is easy enough to take a regular size carrot and fix it up. The same goes for cucumbers, beets, peppers, squash, zucchini, and other rigid veggies.

Tomatoes are classified as fruits, but we will consider them vegetables here. Many people just eat them like a fruit. Add a pinch of salt and bite in. Broccoli and cauliflower can also be eaten raw. Celery is a good veggie because it is filled with water. It can relieve thirst and hunger at the same time.

What are vegetables without dip? Dip adds a flavor to veggies and even kids who turn their noses up to vegetables will eat certain ones if they are dipped in something. My kids love carrots and broccoli with ranch dressing dip. Many dips can be made at home with dry seasoning packets and fat free sour cream. For a different taste add your own fresh herbs. Sweet dips, like yogurt based ones, are also good with veggie snacks. Dip can be stored in a container or a two-piece salad bowl. With the salad bowl, the dip doesn’t mix with the vegetables until you are ready to eat them.

Vegetables can be excellent snacks for those times when you are hungry but it is not time to eat a full meal. You can sit in front of the television and eat an entire bag of carrot sticks or cucumber chips without guilt. Take them in the car, on the job, or outside for a quick energy pick-me-up. No matter what way you choose to eat them, vegetables make healthy snack foods for everyone.

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05.22 | 0 comments

Paleolithic Diet Clinical Trials Part IV

Dr. Staffan Lindeberg has published a new study using the "paleolithic diet" to treat type II diabetics (free full text). Type II diabetes, formerly known as late-onset diabetes until it began appearing in children, is typically thought to develop as a result of insulin resistance (a lowered tissue response to the glucose-clearing function of insulin). This is often followed by a decrease in insulin secretion due to degeneration of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells.

After Dr. Lindeberg's wild success treating patients with type II diabetes or glucose intolerance, in which he normalized the glucose tolerance of all 14 of his volunteers in 12 weeks, he set out to replicate the experiment. This time, he began with 13 men and women who had been diagnosed with type II diabetes for an average of 9 years.

Patients were put on two different diets for 3 months each. The first was a "conventional diabetes diet". I read a previous draft of the paper in which I believe they stated it was based on American Diabetes Association guidelines, but I can't find that statement in the final draft. In any case, here are the guidelines from the methods section:

The information on the Diabetes diet stated that it should aim at evenly distributed meals with increased intake of vegetables, root vegetables, dietary fiber, whole-grain bread and other whole-grain cereal products, fruits and berries, and decreased intake of total fat with more unsaturated fat. The majority of dietary energy should come from carbohydrates from foods naturally rich in carbohydrate and dietary fiber. The concepts of glycemic index and varied meals through meal planning by the Plate Model were explained [18]. Salt intake was recommended to be kept below 6 g per day.

The investigators gave the paleolithic group the following advice:

The information on the Paleolithic diet stated that it should be based on lean meat, fish, fruit, leafy and cruciferous vegetables, root vegetables, eggs and nuts, while excluding dairy products, cereal grains, beans, refined fats, sugar, candy, soft drinks, beer and extra addition of salt. The following items were recommended in limited amounts for the Paleolithic diet: eggs (≤2 per day), nuts (preferentially walnuts), dried fruit, potatoes (≤1 medium-sized per day), rapeseed or olive oil (≤1 tablespoon per day), wine (≤1 glass per day). The intake of other foods was not restricted and no advice was given with regard to proportions of food categories (e.g. animal versus plant foods). The evolutionary rationale for a Paleolithic diet and potential benefits were explained.

Neither diet was restricted in calories. After comparing the effects of the two diets for 3 months, the investigators concluded that the paleolithic diet:

• Reduced HbA1c more than the diabetes diet (a measure of average blood glucose)
• Reduced weight, BMI and waist circumference more than the diabetes diet
• Lowered blood pressure more than the diabetes diet
  
• Reduced triglycerides more than the diabetes diet
• Increased HDL more than the diabetes diet

However, the paleolithic diet was not a cure-all. At the end of the trial, 8 out of 13 patents still had diabetic blood glucose after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This is compared to 9 out of 13 for the diabetes diet. Still, 5 out of 13 with "normal" OGTT after the paleolithic diet isn't bad. The paleolithic diet also significantly reduced insulin resistance and increased glucose tolerance, although it didn't do so more than the diabetes diet.

As has been reported in other studies, paleolithic dieters ate fewer total calories than the comparison group. This is part of the reason why I believe that something in the modern diet causes hyperphagia, or excessive eating. According to the paleolithic diet studies, this food or combination of foods is neolithic, and probably resides in grains, refined sugar and/or dairy. I have my money on wheat and sugar, with a probable long-term contribution from industrial vegetable oils as well.

Were the improvements on the paleolithic diet simply due to calorie restriction? Maybe, but keep in mind that neither group was told to restrict its caloric intake. The reduction in caloric intake occurred naturally, despite the participants presumably eating to fullness. I suspect that the paleolithic diet reset the dieters' body fat set-point, after which fat began pouring out of their fat tissue. They were supplementing their diets with body fat-- 13 pounds (6 kg) of it over 3 months.

The other notable difference between the two diets, besides food types, was carbohydrate intake. The diabetes diet group ate 56% more carbohydrate than the paleo diet group, with 42% of their calories coming from it. The paleolithic group ate 32% carbohydrate. Could this have been the reason for the better outcome of the paleolithic group? I'd be surprised if it wasn't a factor. Advising a diabetic to eat a high-carbohydrate diet is like asking someone who's allergic to bee stings to fetch you some honey from your bee hive. Diabetes is a disorder of glucose intolerance. Starch is a glucose polymer.

Although to be fair, participants on the diabetes diet did improve in a number of ways. There's something to be said for eating whole foods.

This trial was actually a bit of a disappointment for me. I was hoping for a slam dunk, similar to Lindeberg's previous study that "cured" all 14 patients of glucose intolerance in 3 months. In the current study, the paleolithic diet left 8 out of 13 patients diabetic after 3 months. What was the difference? For one thing, the patients in this study had well-established diabetes with an average duration of 9 years. As Jenny Ruhl explains in her book Blood Sugar 101, type II diabetes often progresses to beta cell loss, after which the pancreas can no longer secrete an adequate amount of insulin.

This may be the critical finding of Dr. Lindeberg's two studies: type II diabetes can be prevented when it's caught at an early stage, such as pre-diabetes, whereas prolonged diabetes may cause damage that cannot be completely reversed though diet. I think this is consistent with the experience of many diabetics who have seen an improvement but not a cure from changes in diet. Please add any relevant experiences to the comments.

Collectively, the evidence from clinical trials on the "paleolithic diet" indicate that it's a very effective treatment for modern metabolic dysfunction, including excess body fat, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Another way of saying this is that the modern industrial diet causes metabolic dysfunction.

Paleolithic Diet Clinical Trials
Paleolithic Diet Clinical Trials Part II
One Last Thought
Paleolithic Diet Clinical Trials Part III

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15.00 | 0 comments

Snacks – How Many and How Often are Good for You

There are many schools of thought about how many snacks are ok to eat and how often to eat them. Snacking has long been thought to be a bad thing. If, like me, you disagree and feel that snacking is the best way to avoid overeating keep reading. Whether one is trying to maintain their current weight, trying to lose weight, or eat healthier overall here are some tips and suggestions for snacking the healthy way.

When most think of snacking, things like French fries, candy bars, ice cream cones, or potato chips, come to mind. It’s no wonder the majority of people associate snacking with something negative. All of these “bad snacks” can add just as many, if not more, calories than a regular meal. Don’t despair, however. It is possible to snack without adding all the fat and calories.

Think of the examples named above. Instead of giving up their favorites, snack lovers need only change their snack choices to a better for you substitute. For instance, a bag of fast food fries can easily become a baked sweet or russet potato fries with fresh herbs or cinnamon sprinkled on top. Now, that sounds like a tasty snack and it’s healthier.

As for that candy bar, it’s really the chocolate most are after when they grab their favorite one. The nougat, peanut butter and caramel are good but don’t be fooled, it’s the chocolate craving that gets candy bar lovers. In place of those pound adding candy bars, make some granola bars. Use rolled oats, bran, crunchy clusters, and chocolate chips. Dark chocolate is supposed to be better for us, so try some dark chocolate pieces inside or drizzle a bit of dark chocolate on top. Anytime you need a snack, grab a granola bar instead of a candy bar.

For many die hard snack addicts, ice cream is a big one to overcome. If this sounds like you, have confidence in yourself and try something just as cool and sweet, but even better for you. Whip up some smoothie mix and freeze it in a container for at least twenty-four hours. When that ice cream craving hits, scoop some smoothie into a bowl and top it with nuts and a dab of whipped cream. Before you know it, you’ll be craving yummy fruit or veggie smoothies instead of that fattening ice cream.

Next, let’s talk about how often to snack. The more times you eat, the more revved up your metabolism will be. However, it’s necessary to eat the right foods in order for this not to backfire. Unfortunately, this is where many people go wrong. If you keep only the freshest and healthiest foods in your home, all of your choices will be good. So, as hard as it may be, curb that urge to load up on sweet, junk food on your next trip to the grocery store.

Ideally you should have 3 snacks a day; one during the middle of the morning, another mid-afternoon, and lastly, one after dinner. That’s three snacks to complement three meals. Also, remember that quantity matters when it comes to snacks, just like it does meal portions. Snacks are not meant to be entire meals but they are supposed to be delicious or you won’t eat them. By not snacking at all you actually make yourself too hungry. This leads to overeating at meal times. Beyond that, you will opt for dining out more often if you feel starved because you haven’t munched on a few healthy snacks throughout the day.

Contrary to popular belief, snacking is good for you, but only if you make your treat choices healthy ones. Keeping good for you snacks on hand will make snacking healthy even easier. So, snack away, but make them good snacks in order to reap the most benefits.

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05.27 | 0 comments

Healthy Do it Yourself Finger Foods

They are great at parties and family get-togethers. They are a wonderful alternative to a filling meal at important functions of just about any type. For those who don’t know, I’m talking about finger foods. Easy to prepare and even easier to eat, make some healthy finger foods for yourself and see how versatile they can be.

Finger foods make great snacks on the go. Take cheese for instance. It provides calcium and protein which we need each day. At about ten in the morning, it’s not quite time for lunch, but it is a good time for cheese snack. Cut a slice off of a block and enjoy. Buying a block of cheese is more economical than a bag of cheese sticks if you plan on using it as a snack quite often. Saving money is just one more reason to turn to cheese as a healthy snack.

When it comes to finger foods, think about how you can recreate some of your own favorites at home. There are two benefits to making your own. One, you save money. Two, your foods are fresher. If you’ve eaten a lot of processed food, it might take a bit of getting used to when it comes to eating fresh fare. The taste is like no other. Even beans have a sweet taste when they are fresh. Fresh foods are not only better for you, but they taste better, are crunchier and taste clean.

Chicken is the most all around food you can find. You can bake, broil, roast, sauté, and fry (but because we are aiming for healthy, we won’t do that) it. It can be cubed, sliced, julienne, and diced. Cut it into strips and bread them to make chicken fries. These are great for those days when you should eat lunch but you don’t really feel like it. A few chicken strips and a piece of cheese will replenish your protein.

Crackers are also a perfect snack food. They are good on their own, but taste even better with some type of topping. For instance, a piece of cheese between two crackers with a little slice of ham is a handy and tasteful snack. You can also spread some cream cheese or peanut butter on your crackers. Kids may enjoy strawberry jam or grape jelly between two crackers. This is definitely a healthy alternative to cake or a piece of candy. Make up a few of your favorite cracker snacks the night before and chill them for the next morning.

If all else fails, go for some snacks that you can pick up in the store. Be careful though. Read food labels to check fat, cholesterol, and sodium content per serving. Some excellent choices are baked chips, granola bars, and roasted nuts. Low fat luncheon meats can be wrapped around cheese or fruit slices for a healthy little snack.

Don’t forget fresh fruits and veggies. For a vegetable treat, cut up some broccoli, cauliflower, cucumbers, carrots, or other favorites and serve with ranch dip. Mix it up by cutting up some fresh fruit such as apples, pears, strawberries, and watermelon and serving with a bit of cream cheese for dipping.

These are great finger foods to keep around for those days when you’re busy and don’t have time to prepare something. Keep fresh fruits in a bowl on the counter to grab as you’re going out the door or for the kids when they get home from school. Keep containers of vegetables and your favorite dip or dressing in the refrigerator to do the same.

Finger foods aren’t reserved just for parties. Choose quick and healthy finger foods and eat them anytime you get the urge for a snack.

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05.28 | 0 comments

Rosemary Herb Benefits Health in Many Ways

By Salvator Giustra

As an herb rosemary's health benefits have been known & used for thousands of years by ancient cultures, including the Chinese & Greeks, who exploited rosemary usually correctly for its health benefits.

Rosemary as an herbal treatment is currently used for headache, indigestion & depression. However, it also has many other uses as outlined below.
Using rosemary as an herbal remedy
Asthma may be relieved by rosemary's volatile oil which can open respiratory passages narrowed by histamine.

Rosemary herb benefits includes preventing food spoilage as the commercial products BHA & BHT. Simply fold crushed rosemary into meat, fish, pasta & potato salads. Of course, rosemary also enhances the flavor of the foods it is mixed into.

You can also use rosemary for body scent that is caused by bacteria or fungus. Simply mix ground rosemary into bath powder and use normally. You can also use rosemary tea as a bath wash.

Rosemary's health benefits include its effect against infectious bacteria. This also extends to its inhibiting infections from minor cuts. Simply press fresh rosemary leaves onto cut before washing & treating.

While modern herbalists do not generally recommend rosemary for memory problems like ancient people did, there might still be a role for rosemary in cognitive problems. As a tea or shampoo herb rosemary contains certain compounds that may help inhibit Alzheimer's . Drink lots of rosemary tea & use shampoos containing rosemary.

Rosemary herb benefits also includes enhancing hair quality & delay baldness. Give it a shot. At worse you?ll come out with very clean hair.

Rosemary has generally stimulative properties so it may be a good natural treatment for fatigue. Drink several cups of rosemary tea a day or look for candles that contain rosemary oil.

Scabies is a disturbing condition where mites house themselves under the skin & lay its eggs. This causes infections & lesions. Rosemary health benefits include minimizing pain of scabies by dabbing cooled tea onto affected areas.

Its antispasmodic effects enable it to loosen up smooth muscle tissue so rosemary is quite good for digestive problems.

Rosemary can also help relieve congestion brought on by colds & flu.

Rosemary also contains powerful antioxidants which are crucial for preventing cancer, heart disease & premature aging.

Its antioxidant effects may also help arthritis sufferers especially before disease worsens.

Its antioxidant properties also suggest it may be effective against cataract formation. Drink lots of rosemary tea for that purpose.

If I've lost your attention, how about this? Rosemary is being studies for its ability to prevent & treat wrinkles by Japanese researchers. Drink some rosemary tea & use rosemary in facial masks.

Using rosemary herb to improve health

For congestion, make an herbal tea with crushed rosemary. Use 1 tsp per cup of hot water, steep for 10 minutes, strain & enjoy a few cups a day. You can also inhale steam from tea to breath in rosemary's healthful properties.

As a bath, add 10 drops to warm water.

As a tincture, use ½ - 1½ tsp, 2 - 3x daily.

For commercial preparations, follow manufacturer?s directions.

You can offer diluted rosemary tea to children under 2 years of age.
Finally, use rosemary liberally, to taste, in meats & potatoes.
Cautions when using rosemary as herbal remedy
Rosemary is very safe to take for most people.

However, even small amounts of rosemary oil may cause irritation of the stomach, kidneys & intestines. Larger doses may be poisonous.

Never ingest more than a drop of concentrated rosemary oil

Rosemary Herb

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23.06 | 0 comments

Animal Models of Atherosclerosis: Diet-Induced Atherosclerosis

LDL likely plays a role in causing atherosclerosis, with the majority of the damage coming from the oxidized form of LDL. There are at least two ways to increase the concentration of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in the blood: 1) increase the total concentration of LDL while keeping the proportion of oxLDL the same; 2) increase the proportion of oxLDL. Dietary fats differ in their effects on these two factors, and the net outcome is also dependent on the species eating the fat and the overall dietary context.

The omega-6 polyunsaturated fat, linoleic acid (LA; found abundantly in industrial vegetable oils), is a dominant factor in the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. LDL is rich in LA regardless of diet, yet the amount of LA in LDL still depends on diet to a certain degree. Thus, on the surface, one would expect a diet high in industrial vegetable oil to promote atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, it's not that simple, because LA also lowers the amount of LDL in the blood of a number of species, including humans.

The amount of atherosclerosis produced by feeding different fats depends both on how much LDL oxidation occurs and on how the fat affects the organism's blood lipid profile. For example, if corn oil lowers LDL by 3-fold relative to lard in a rabbit model, yet increases the proportion of oxLDL by 50%, the rabbit will probably develop more atherosclerosis eating lard than eating corn oil. This is because the total concentration of oxLDL is still higher in the lard group. On the other hand, if corn oil doesn't reduce LDL at all relative to lard in a rhesus monkey, yet the proportion of oxLDL increases by 50%, the corn oil group will probably develop more atherosclerosis, all else being equal.

Then there are other factors that influence atherosclerosis independently of oxLDL, such as the fat-soluble antioxidants, micronutrients and omega-6:3 ratio of the diets. It's also important to keep in mind that atherosclerosis is only one factor that influences the risk of having a heart attack.

In the last post, I argued that feeding excessive cholesterol to herbivorous or nearly herbivorous animals elevates plasma LDL greatly. In many species, saturated fat exacerbates the increase in LDL due to dietary cholesterol overload. However, in the absence of added cholesterol, several commonly used models of atherosclerosis do not show an increase in LDL upon saturated fat feeding. This is similar to the situation in humans.

Rabbits are one of the most commonly used models of diet-induced atherosclerosis. They are very sensitive to dietary cholesterol, due to the fact that their natural adult diet contains virtually none.

I recently found a great study from 1967 titled "Relative Failure of Saturated Fat in the Diet to Produce Atherosclerosis in the Rabbit" (free full text). Investigators fed rabbits cocoa butter, coconut oil and Crisco (hydrogenated cottonseed oil) at 45% of calories. They found that neither cocoa butter nor Crisco increased the rabbits' cholesterol (they didn't measure LDL directly but it typically increases in proportion to total cholesterol in rabbits), while coconut oil caused a transient increase that disappeared by 6 months on the diet. Cocoa butter caused slight atherosclerosis in some of the animals while none was detected in the coconut oil or Crisco groups.

Next, the investigators fed the rabbits cholesterol along with the fats. 0.25% cholesterol with corn oil or Crisco caused a massive (10-fold) increase in blood cholesterol, and produced atherosclerosis. They didn't pair the saturated fats with cholesterol, but the point is still clear: feeding dietary cholesterol, not saturated fat, to an herbivorous species, is the culprit.

However, subsequent studies in rabbits have shown that saturated fats can produce atherosclerosis without added cholesterol. How can this be? It turns out that it only works in the context of a highly refined "synthetic" or "semi-synthetic" diet (ref). So the dietary context plays an important role as well.

The ability of saturated fat to produce atherosclerosis in animal models requires it to cause a large enough increase in serum LDL that it overwhelms saturated fat's natural tendency to reduce LDL oxidation. This process is typically helped along by feeding huge amounts of cholesterol. In the absence of a large increase in LDL, atherosclerosis does not result, all else being equal.

Several studies in primates support this concept. van Jaarsveld and colleagues showed that feeding vervet monkeys 28% of calories from palm oil (SFA-MUFA), sunflower oil (PUFA) or lard (MUFA-SFA) resulted in similar LDL concentrations in the three groups. After more than two years, the palm oil group had the least atherosclerosis and the sunflower oil and lard groups were similar. It's notable that palm oil was the most saturated fat used in this study.

In another telling study by Mott and colleagues, baboons were fed diets containing 40% of calories from a predominantly saturated fat or a predominantly polyunsaturated fat. Each group was further subdivided into two groups: one receiving a small amount of cholesterol in the feed, and one receiving a large amount. Cholesterol feeding increased LDL and atherosclerosis, while the type of fat had a modest effect on LDL and no effect on atherosclerosis both at high and low cholesterol levels. I've noticed that baboons seem to throw a wrench in the gears of the mainstream conception of blood lipid metabolism.

Rudel and colleagues fed african green monkeys and cynomolgus monkeys lard (MUFA-SFA) or safflower oil (PUFA) for 40% of calories, with or without added cholesterol. Without cholesterol, both LDL and the degree of atherosclerosis were low in both monkeys fed both types of fat. Cholesterol feeding raised LDL in both species by 2-3 fold, and caused significant atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis was more severe in monkeys fed lard plus cholesterol than in monkeys fed safflower oil plus cholesterol, correlating with their considerably higher LDL.

In sum, the ability of a fat to contribute to atherosclerosis depends in part on its ability to increase oxLDL. One way to do this is to massively raise LDL. This can be accomplished by combining dietary cholesterol overload with saturated fat in certain susceptible species. Saturated fat, in the context of a somewhat normal diet, does not appear to raise LDL significantly in most species in the long term. This includes humans.

Animal models of diet-induced atherosclerosis are useful for studying the disease, but they do not support the conclusion that humans should avoid foods containing natural amounts of cholesterol and saturated fat. "Saturated fats" such as lard, palm oil, beef tallow and coconut oil probably have little or no connection to atherosclerosis in humans, or in most species eating a somewhat natural diet.

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17.00 | 0 comments

Animal Models of Atherosclerosis: LDL

Researchers have developed a number of animal models of atherosclerosis (fatty/fibrous lesions in the arteries that influence heart attack risk) to study the factors that affect its development. In the next two posts, I will argue that these models rely on a massive increase in LDL, up to 10-fold, due to overloading the cholesterol metabolism of herbivorous species with excessive dietary cholesterol. This also greatly increases oxidized LDL, leading to atherosclerosis. I will discuss the role of saturated fat, which often receives the blame, in this process.

A reader recently sent me a reference to an interesting paper titled "Dietary Fat Saturation Effects on Low-density-lipoprotein Concentrations and Metabolism in Various Animal Models". It's a review of animal studies that have looked at the effect of different fats on LDL concentration as of 1997. They nail their colors to the mast in the first sentence of the abstract:

Saturated vegetable oils (coconut, palm, and palm kernel oil) and fats (butter and lard) are hypercholesterolemic [raise cholesterol] relative to monounsaturated and polyunsaturated vegetable oils.

But don't let this fool you; the actual data they present are much more interesting. First of all, they expressly exclude studies on models that have an "abnormal degree of response to a hypercholesterolemic diet". In other words, they attempt to create a self-fulfilling prophecy by excluding models that don't support their hypothesis. Even after stacking the deck, the data they present still fail to support their position.

When an investigator wants to study diet-induced atherosclerosis, first he selects a species that's susceptible to it. These are generally herbivorous or nearly herbivorous species such as rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, and several species of monkey. Then, he feeds it an "atherogenic diet". This is typically a combination of 0.1 to 1% cholesterol by weight, plus 20-40% of calories as fat. The fat can come from a variety of sources, but animal fats or saturated vegetable fats are typical. The remainder of the diet is processed grains, vitamin and mineral supplements, and often casein for protein.

Let's put that amount of cholesterol into human context. Assuming the average person eats about 2 pounds dry weight of food per day, 0.5% cholesterol would be 4.5 grams. That's the equivalent of:

• 17.5 pounds of beef steak, or
• 3.8 pounds of beef liver, or
• 22.5 eggs

Per day. Now feed that to an herbivore that's not adapted to clearing cholesterol. You can imagine it doesn't do their blood lipids any favors. For example, in one study, compared to a low-fat, low-cholesterol "control diet", a diet of 20% hydrogenated coconut oil plus 0.12% cholesterol caused hamsters' LDL to increase by more than 7-fold. A polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) rich diet caused LDL to increase less. This study is typical, and the interpretation is typical as well: SFA raises LDL. But there's another possibility that makes far more sense when you stand back and look at the data as a whole: in the absence of unnatural amounts of dietary cholesterol, PUFA reduces LDL in some species, and SFA has very little effect on it in most.

It's important to remember that this hamster experiment has little to do with the situation in humans. No one is claiming that reducing saturated fat and cholesterol will reduce a human's LDL by 7-fold. Long-term dietary interventions that reduce SFA and dietary cholesterol without increasing PUFA have little to no effect on LDL cholesterol, and can in fact increase LDL oxidation. Furthermore, humans are very resistant to blood cholesterol changes in response to dietary cholesterol, suggesting that we have an evolutionary history metabolizing it. Finally, as I've discussed in a previous post, saturated fat does not influence total blood cholesterol or LDL in humans in the long term, and the effects are modest even in the short term.

But let's get back to the animal models. The hypothesis the paper is attempting to support is that saturated fat raises LDL in a variety of (herbivorous) animal models. If that were true, it should be able to raise LDL even in the absence of added cholesterol. So let's consider only the studies that didn't add extra cholesterol to the diets. And if saturated fat raises LDL, it should also do it relative to monounsaturated fat (MUFA- like olive oil), rather than only in comparison to PUFA. So let's narrow the studies further to those that compared SFA-rich fats, MUFA-rich fats and PUFA-rich fats. In Fernandez et al. (1989), investigators fed guinea pigs 35% of calories from corn oil (PUFA), olive oil (MUFA) or lard (MUFA-SFA). Here's what their LDL looked like:
The same investigators published two more studies showing similar results over the next five years. The next study was published by Khosla et al. in 1992. They fed cebus and rhesus monkeys cholesterol-free diets containing 40% of calories from safflower oil (PUFA), high-oleic safflower oil (MUFA) or palm oil (SFA-MUFA). How was their LDL?
None of the differences were statistically significant. Khosla and colleagues published another study with the same result in 1993. This is hardly supportive of the idea that saturated fat raises LDL in animal models. The most you can say is that PUFA lowers LDL in some, but not all, species. There is no indication from these studies that SFA raises LDL in the absence of excessive dietary cholesterol. I didn't cherry pick studies here, I mentioned every study in the review paper that met my two criteria of no added cholesterol and a MUFA comparison group.

The bottom line is that experimental models of atherosclerosis rely on overloading herbivorous species with dietary cholesterol that they are not equipped to clear from their bodies. SFA does exacerbate the increase in LDL caused by cholesterol overload. But in the absence of excess cholesterol, it does not generally raise LDL even in species ill-equipped to digest these types of fats. Dietary cholesterol has little or no influence on LDL in humans. So there is no cholesterol overload for saturated fat to exacerbate. Consistent with this, saturated fat does not influence LDL in humans in the long term. This is contrary to the mainstream consensus, but is an inevitable conclusion if you carefully consider the evidence from controlled trials and observational studies.

PUFA vegetable oils do lower LDL in humans, and the effect appears to persist for at least a few years. But this is a Pyrrhic victory, as omega-6 PUFA increase LDL oxidation and exacerbate chronic inflammatory processes. Vegetable oils are not a solution to the coronary heart disease epidemic, to the contrary.

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19.02 | 0 comments